Two broad approaches emerged from the survey. These are termed: (1) rights-based approaches – favoured by non-industry respondents – which focus primarily on helping communities to  identify and defend their rights to land and resources; and (2) stakeholder management  systems – favoured by companies as part of their overall management systems. In practice,  there is considerable overlap between the two approaches. The paper concludes that methods  and tools related to both types of approach are still evolving in the forest sector.